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I do remember her first lecture about tenses, and to my surprise I had no idea of what subject complement is. Since then by careful listening to her and many times by interrupting her, a sense of inspiration has developed to adopt her scientific and simplified method of analysis that I do not find in any textbook. In fact, she has guided me to choose the right textbook, although sometimes I do insist on other textbooks. However, after a self criticism I find her choice is very right indeed.
It is impossible for a learner of syntax, if attending her lectures, to not interact. A total silence among the attendees can be noticed. If I compare myself now to the date before the first semester, it is a complete change that allows me to see the English syntax widely.
This research paper will not be a lively one without her valuable suggestion, her correction, and her perceptive criticism. She has supervised my work step by step, page by page, and sentence by sentence. She spares no effort to explain again and again every time I handed her a chapter.
Working under her was an extremely knowledgeable experience for me. I do thank the librarians of the faculty for their help. I do thank my family who encourage me to finish my project.
I do thank my sister Nadia Mendez. I do thank Pr. Jafari who has assisted me. I do thank Madam Amina, the responsible of English Department.
Based on Chomsky , we define generative grammar as a system of rules that are applied successively in order to generate a deep structure of a sentence, interpret it, transform it to a surface structure, and eventually interpret this surface structure.
This system of rules is analysed according to three major components: the syntactic component, the semantic component, and the phonological component. The syntactic component generates the deep structure of a sentence by applying categorial rules 1, and generates the surface structure by applying transformational rules.
The semantic component operates within the base of the syntactic component and interprets the deep structure generated by categorial rules. The transformational subcomponent of the syntactic component transforms the deep structure to a surface structure. The phonological component interprets the latter. The syntactic component determines a set of abstract category and subcategory symbols, each of which incorporates all the information relevant to semantic and phonological interpretation of a particular sentence.
That is, the syntactic component applies a system of phrase structure rules 2 that generate a string of terminal category and subcategory symbols. This string is terminal, if the information that is provided by its symbols is relevant for the insertion of the lexicon elements.
The latter must follow the interpretive rules that are applied by the semantic component. Therefore, the semantic component relates a structure generated by the syntactic component to a semantic representation from the lexicon.
Besides, the phonological component relates a structure generated by the syntactic component to a phonetically represented signal. In addition to its base, the syntactic component contains a transformational subcomponent that applies certain formal operations on the deep structure and transforms it to a surface structure. Such operations involve movement, insertion, deletion, and so on. Hence, every deep structure of a sentence must contain a transformational marker which indicates the transformation s to apply.
See pages 67 of Chomsky. The first section will discuss major definitions regarding the Generative Grammar, mainly subcategorisation rules, giving a general idea of how the base component operates. We start from the deep structure to the surface structure. That is, we will start from the abstract category symbols generated by the categorial component or phrase structure rules , and stage by stage till the surface structure is generated. In every stage, there is a definition entry accompanied with examples and a continued interpretation.
The insertion of lexicon will not be by convention but by the means of the interpretive rules the semantic component applies. Presumably, all the definitions given in this section are based on Chomsky , Chapter 2. The second section will be indeed reversal to the first one.
The primary concern of this section is to analyse some Movement Transformations. We will start from the surface structure, assuming a transformational rule, drawing tree diagrams of the deep structure, and analysing every diagram with respect to the structural description and structural change. This section is based on Heny et Akmajian 4, Chapter 5 , elaborating on different transformational rules.
This is not an exhaustive investigation of all Movement Transformations, yet it is only an initiation. Eventually, it should be noted that the italicized typing of the lexicon and the surface structures represents phonological interpretation. This mechanism categorises and subcategorises by the means of a system of rewriting rules. That is, a rewriting rule expands a single category symbol as one or two categories, or subcategory symbols complex symbols with respect to the left-and-right order.
This sequence of categorial rules refers to categorisation. Hence, a categorial rule is a rewriting rule that branches two categories with respect to the order of the constituents of the deep structure of the sentence.
They have two seperate functions: a they define the system of grammatical relations, and b they determine the ordering in the deep structure. The essence of categorial rules is that they determine whether a constituent modifies a sentence, or it is dominated by another constituent within the deep structure of a sentence. However, they are not sufficient for the insertion of the lexicon. They should occur in accordance with the subcategorisation rules. In fact, subcategorisation rules operate within the syntactic context of categorial rules.
Besides, categorial rules are applied in a sequential derivation. That is, in the deep structure of a sentence, they start initially from the symbol S stands for sentence that expands as the constituents NP Noun Phrase , Aux Auxiliary and VP Verb Phrase , to a terminal string in which category symbols can no longer expand, and therefore, the derivation is terminated. For instance, category symbols like N, V, Det, Prep, and Adj are terminal because they can no longer derive to other categories.
That is, every deep structure of a sentence in English should be generated from that rule. We say it dominates all other subrules in the deep structure. Aux incorporates the information such as Tense, Modal, Aspect , which is determined by subcategorisation rules.
The VP contains the base of the Verb in the deep structure and other categories that relate to the Verb Complement, Adverb, etc.. The VP dominates all other constituents which make part of the predicate of the deep structure of the sentence. For instance, the base component applies the following sequential derivation of categorial rules 8: 1. That is, there is no more branching. Moreover, still the insertion of the lexicon formatives is not possible.
There should be other rules to apply. Those Features can be either inherent or contextual features. That is, prior context-free subacategorisation for V ,N, and Det. For every lexical representation, there should be inherent features, and therefore the lexicon is subcategorised under the sequence of D,C , where D stands for a lexical category 10 or formatives, and C stands for complex symbol which contains specified inherent features.
The following figure illustrates the two types of context-sensitive subcategorisation respectively. That is, at the first level of interpretation the semantic component interprets V, using syntactic information, in the following way: Since V in string 9 is set between two Nouns, that is, immediately a N precedes the V and a N follows the V, and since the first N on the left refers to the Subject of the sentence, and the second N on the right can be either Subject Complement, Object of the Verb, or a Direct Object, there are three possibilities for V to be strictly sucategorised.
V is either a Copula, Middle Verb, or Monotransitive. That is, there are three possible lexicon entries for V. We call this type of rules that determine the possible lexicon entries for V with respect to the position of V in the terminal string of categories in the deep structure of a sentence as context-sensitive strict subcategorisation rules. Still N, Det, and N are not inserted. There should be other rules to apply 1.
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